Shear Bond Strength of Nanocomposite Resin

Shear Bond Strength of Nanocomposite Resin ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To compare the shear bond strength of nanocomposite resin to superficial dentin and deep dentin using two different dentin bonding systems. METHOD All teeth were sectioned at various levels (Superficial Dentin: Dentin within 0.5-1 mm of DEJ; Deep Dentin: Dentin within 0.5 mm of the highest pulp horn) using a carborundum Disc and embedded in acrylic block of specific size. Selected specimens (60 premolar teeth) were grouped randomly into three groups, the groups were differentiated into superficial dentin, deep dentin and control group which were further divided into sub group a and subgroup b containing 10 teeth each, depending on the bonding agents used. In subgroup A, Tetric-n-bond, and in subgroup B Single bond universal was used. In the control group no bonding agent was used. The specimens were thermocycled for 500 cycles between 5 degree c and 55 degree c water bath for 40 seconds. Finally the specimens were subjected to shear bond strength study under INSTRON machine (UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE). The maximum shear bond strengths were noted at the time of fracture (de-bonding) of the restorative material. Results were analysed using ANOVA test, Bonferroni test and paired t test. RESULTS Bond strength values of fifth generation bonding system (Tetric n bond) showed higher mean shear bond strength compared to seventh generation bonding system (single bond universal). There was a significant fall in bond strength values as one reaches deeper levels of dentin from superficial to deep dentin. CONCLUSION- There was a significant difference between the bond strength of fifth generation bonding system (Tetric n bond) and seventh generation bonding system (single bond universal).Decrease in the bond strength values is seen for deeper level of dentin as compared to superficial dentin. INTRODUCTION The success of any dental restoration is based on the high adhesive property of the material. Various materials are available which utilizes this adhesive property such as, glass ionomer cement restoration, composite restorations and pit and fissure sealants. Among these composite resins have been developed since few years in order to provide the best esthetics to the anterior restorations as well as for posterior restorations. Dental adhesive systems are agents used to promote adhesion between composite resin and dental structure, and they should present similar performance on enamel and dentine. Bonding to enamel and dentin has been known to be clinically reliable with the advent of acid etching technique. It differs from enamel, as it has more organic contents, presence of fluid inside the dentinal tubules, smear layer and inherent wetness on the surface[1]. Dentin has been characterized as a biologic composite of a collagen matrix filled with sub-micron to nanometer sized calcium deficient carbonate rich apatite crystallites dispersed between hyper mineralized collagen poor hollow cylinders. It is very well understood that the density of dentinal tubules varies with dentinal depth and as well as the water content of dentin is lowest in superficial dentin and highest in deep dentin. In superficial dentin which contains fewer tubules and the permeation of resin into intertubular dentin will be responsible for most of the bond strength. In deep dentin, dentinal tubules are more in number and hence, intratubular permeability of resins will be responsible for higher bond strength. Two major simplified bonding approaches have been developed namely. Total etch technique –involves the simultaneously removal of the smear layer from both enamel and dentin surface followed by the application of one bottle agent that combines the primer and adhesive in one solution. Self-etching technique – their bonding mechanism is based upon the simultaneous etching, priming and adhesive of the dentin surface in a single bottle[2]. Bonding to enamel was achieved earlier and easier (Buonocore,1955) because enamel is mostly composed of hydroxyapatite crystals. Although it is possible to obtain predictable and reliable adhesion to enamel, adhesion to dentin, which is the largest part of the tooth, has proved to be more challenging because of its heterogeneous nature. The mechanism of dentin adhesion, enhanced by hybrid layer formation between the resin and dentin, was proposed by Nakabayashi (1982). The adequate hybrid layer formation is believed to be essential to create a strong and durable bond between resin and dentin. Adhesive restorations have been widely accepted for both anterior and posterior use in restorative dentistry. Patient’s demands for esthetic restorations have caused a recent increase in the use of tooth colored restorative materials. To achieve clinical success with such restorations, good adhesion between restorative materials and tooth substrates is of crucial importance in order to ensure good marginal sealing, reinforcement of the tooth structure, and longer life of the restoration. During the last two decades, a variety of adhesive systems have been continuously developed in order to produce good adhesion to dental substrates. These great advances in the adhesive dentistry have changed the concepts of cavity preparation based on the principals proposed by GV Black (1955) into more conservative and minimally invasive ones. The current self-etching adhesives provide monomer formulation for simultaneous conditioning and priming of both enamel and dentin. As of today less research are available to indicate the effectiveness of new generation self-etching primers against superficial and deep dentin. Shear bond strength measurements are commonly used to evaluate effectiveness of dentin bonding systems. The aim of the study was to evaluate the Shear Bond Strength of the newer bonding systems on superficial dentine and deep dentin. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The present in- vitro study was conducted in the department of conservative dentistry and endodontic, M.R.Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore. Sixty intact human maxillary pre molar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons were collected from Oral and Maxillo-Facial Department at M.R.Ambedkar Dental College Hospital. The teeth were stored, disinfected and handled as per the recommendations and guidelines laid down by OSHA and CDC. Teeth selected were randomly divided into three groups of twenty teeth each. Group A, Group B and Control group. Group A and B were further subdivided into Subgroup A Subgroup B, of ten each. All teeth were sectioned at various levels using a Carborundum Disc under copious water and embedded in acrylic block of specific size. Group I: Superficial Dentin – 20 specimens Sub group A – Superficial Dentin (Tetric N Bond) 10 specimens Sub group B – Superficial Dentin (Single Bond Universal) 10 specimens Group II: Deep Dentin – 20 specimens Sub group A – Deep Dentin (Tetric N Bond) 10 specimens Sub group B – Deep Dentin (Single Bond Universal) 10 specimens Group III: Control Group – 20 specimens Sub group A – Superficial Dentin 10 specimens Sub group B – Deep Dentin 10 specimens The occlusal surfaces of teeth were ground on a water-cooled trimming wheel to prepare flat dentin surfaces. Group 1 (Superficial Dentin) Subgroup A All the specimens were etched on the prepared dentinal flat surface with (N Etch), and washed. The surface was blotted with gauze to produce a visible moist dentin surface. The total-etching adhesive (Tetric N Bond) was applied on the prepared dentinal flat surface left undisturbed for 20 seconds and the excess solvent was removed with a gentle stream of air. Light curing was done for 40 seconds with a visible light curing unit. After curing the bonding agent, nanocomposite resin (Tetric N Ceram) was placed on the prepared dentinal surface using Teflon mold and cured according to manufacturers instructions. The same procedure was carried out on the 10 specimens in this group. Subgroup B The self-etching adhesive (single bond universal) was applied on the prepared dentinal flat surface left undisturbed for 20 seconds and the excess solvent was removed with a gentle stream of air. Light curing was done for 40 seconds with a visible light curing unit. After curing the bonding agent, nanocomposite resin was placed on the prepared dentinal surface using Teflon mold and cured according to manufacturers instructions. The same procedure was carried out on the 10 specimens in this group. Group II (Deep Dentin) Subgroup A The same procedure as carried out in the group I, subgroup A is carried out on all specimens in this group. Sub group B The same procedure as carried out in the group I, subgroup B is carried out on all specimens in this group. Group III (Control Group) No bonding agent was applied. Nanocomposite resin was placed and cured according to manufacturers instructions. Specimens were then stored under room temperature for 48 hours. The specimens were then thermocycled for 500 cycles between 50 c and 550 c water bath. A dwell time of 40 seconds were used for each bath. All the sixty specimens were transferred to the Instron testing machine individually and subjected to shear bond strength test. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The statistical data derived from the four subgroups were analysed using ANOVA test, Bonferroni test and paired t test . RESULTS: For superficial dentin Higher mean shear bond strength was recorded in Fifth generation bonding system followed by seventh generation bonding system and control respectively. The difference in mean shear bond strength between the groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Deep dentin Higher mean shear bond strength was recorded in fifth generation bonding agent followed by seventh generation bonding agent and Control respectively. The difference in mean shear bond strength between the groups was found to be statistically significant (P The difference in bond strength using fifth generation bonding agent in superficial dentin and deep dentin was not statically significant. (P>0.05). The difference in bond strength using seventh generation bonding agent in superficial and deep dentin was statically significant. (P DISCUSSION Adhesion to acid etched enamel was proposed by Buonocore in 1955. Bond strength to enamel or dentin is an important indicator of an adhesive system’s effectiveness. The bonding layer must not only support composite shrinkage stress, but also occlusal loads in stress bearing area to avoid gap formation leading to micro leakage, secondary caries and post operative sensitivity[3]. Bond strength testing and measurement of marginal – sealing effectiveness are the two most commonly employed methodologies to determine bonding effectiveness in the laboratory in predicting clinical performance. Dentin is a dynamic tissue. It represents a challenge to resin based adhesives while the bond strength of enamel has been studied extensively, bonding to dentin with the generation of bonding systems has remain unsolved. The dentin substrate has been characterized as a biologic composite of collagen matrix filled with apatite crystals dispersed between parallel micrometer sized hypermineralized collagenpoor dentinal tubules containing peritubular dentin. The composition of dentin substrate is made up of 50 % minerals, 20% of water and 30% of organic matrix. But as the dentin deepens this composition may change accordingly. This is due to the fact that the superficial dentin has few tubules and is composed predominantly of intertubular dentin. Deep dentin is composed mainly of larger funnel shaped dentinal tubules with much less intertubular dentin[4]. The intertubular dentin plays an important role during hybrid layer formation in superficial dentin and the contribution to resin retention is proportional to the intertubular dentin available for bonding[5]. Adhesive dentistry is based on the development of materials which establish an effective bond with the tooth tissues. Successful adhesive bonding depends on the chemistry of adhesive, on appropriate clinical handling of the material as well as on the knowledge of the morphological changes caused on the dental tissue by different bonding procedures[6]. The rationale behind the bond strength testing is that higher the actual bonding capacity of an adhesive, the better it will withstand such stresses and longer the restorations will survive in vivo. Bond strength testing is relatively easy and fast and remains most popular methodology for measuring the bonding effectiveness of adhesive systems[7]. The results of the present study revealed that superficial dentin presented bond strength values that were statistically higher and different from values obtained in dentin at deep level. Tagami J et al (1990) attributed this either to differences in chemical composition or regional differences in wetness (dentin permeability). Thus there are several factors that may contribute to high coefficient of variation that is often reported in dentin shear bond strength studies. Several earlier reports indicate that the bond strength of resin is highest on superficial dentin and lowest in deep dentin[8]. Suzuki T et al (1988) studied the efficacy of dentin bonding systems based on the site of dentin with reference to the observation of Causton et al that bond strengths to deep dentin were considerably lower than those to superficial dentin. The present study has confirmed the observation of Causton et al that the efficacy of dentin adhesives depends upon the dentin surface from superficial to deep dentin in the tooth tested[8]. Different from etch and rinse adhesives, self-etch adhesives do not require a separate etching step as they contain acidic monomers that simultaneously condition and prime the dental substrate. Consequently, this approach has been claimed to be user friendlier and less technique sensitive, thereby resulting in a reliable clinical performance. Self-etch adhesives are user friendly because of shorter application time and less steps and less technique sensitive because of no wet bonding but simple drying. Comparatively with the self-etch adhesives there is lower incidence of post-operative sensitivity experienced by the patient. This should to a great extent be attributed to the less aggressive and thus more superficial interaction with the dentin leaving tubules largely obstructed with smear layer[9]. This study is in consensus with Suzuki et al, with regard to, higher bond strength at all levels of dentin with TETRIC N BOND which belongs to the-etch and rinse approach. Pegadu Rafeal et al (2010)[4]compared the effect of different bonding strategies on adhesion to deep and superficial dentin and concluded that bond strength obtained in superficial dentin was significantly higher than that in deep dentin for all adhesives tested. They further concluded that the bond strengths of dentin bonding agents at any depth is dependent on the area occupied by resin tags, the area of intertubular dentin that is infiltrated by the resin and the area of surface adhesion. In the present study, comparison (paired t test) among the tetric n bond group, higher mean bond strength was recorded at the superficial dentin level than deep dentin. And comparison (paired t test) among the single bond universal group higher bond strength was recorded at the superficial dentin level than deep dentin. Van Meerbeek et al (2011) [9] recommended that for further optimization of the self-etch approach, synthesis of functional monomers tailored to exhibit good chemical bonding potential following a mild self-etch approach. The approach appears to guarantee the most durable bonding performance at dentin provided that it deals adequately with the debris smeared across the surface by the bur. Micromechanical interlocking is still the best strategy to bond to enamel. Selective phosphoric acid etching of enamel cavity margins is therefore today highly recommended followed by applying a self-etch procedure to both the earlier etched enamel and un-etched dentin. Such mild self-etch adhesives should contain functional monomers with a high chemical affinity to hydroxyapatite. CONCLUSION: At superficial dentin level higher mean shear bond strength was recorded in Fifth generation bonding system followed by Seventh generation bonding system and control group respectively. The difference in mean shear bond strength between the groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). At deep dentin level, higher mean shear bond strength was recorded in Fifth generation bonding system followed by Seventh generation bonding system and control group respectively. The difference in mean shear bond strength between the groups was found to be statistically significant (P At deep dentin level, statistically significant results were obtained with the Fifth generation (Tetric N Bond) bonding system which had higher mean shear bond strength values compared to the Seventh generation self-etch bonding system (Single Bond Universal). There was a statistically significant difference in shear bond strength values with Fifth generation bonding system and control group ( without bonding system) at deep dentin. There was a significant fall in bond strength values as one reaches deeper levels from Superficial dentin to Deep dentin.

The Positive Impact of Computers in the Classroom :: Education Technology Essays

The Positive Impact of Computers in the Classroom Computers have been integrated in almost every aspect of today’s society; PC’s in the home and office, laptops for business traveling, graphics software for the media, and most significantly computers in the classroom. However, the technology of computers has not always been part of the education system and is a relatively new part of the teaching and learning process. In the 1950s large and expensive computers were only used by the government and large corporations (Beekman, 2003). In 1958 the National Defense Education Act extended its funding to allow schools the luxury of new technology, but the first PC didn’t enter the classroom until 1975 when a few Apple I PC’s were donated to schools (History, 2004). As computers became smaller and less expensive they integrated themselves as part of society and the education system. In the 1990s school systems began purchasing PC’s for classrooms and labs. Soon after the introduction of the PC’s, the World Wide Web was developed and students and faculty were â€Å"surfing the web† for new informational sources. Now in the 21st century, computers aid in basically every educational aspect. For example, computers are beneficial for saving large quantities of information such as enrollment, attendance, records, grades, assignments, tests, etc. This technological advance helps the staff to be more organized and eliminates mistakes. Teachers benefit from computers because they can quickly compute grades and grade tests through the use of scan-trons, receive assignments as email attachments, and save all homework and tests pre-typed on disks. All of these things allow teachers to dedicate more time to teaching and less time for preparations and after school work. Also computers in the classroom not only gives students more sources of knowledge, but they also give teachers the option of obtaining news articles, pictures, sources, and education web sites from the internet. Even though computers are everywhere in the school and benefit all staff and faculty, the students by far receive the most benefits from integrated classroom technology, Sasa Petricici of CBC’s The National, visited schools that have integrated computers into the classroom.

Importance of Learning Languages Essay

Nowadays, multilingualism has become more than just ‘important’. Knowing a foreign language different from your mother tongue has evolved/become/turn_out to be extremely beneficial. Whether viewed from the financial or social aspect, being able to communicate in a foreign language helps to make ‘real’ connection with people and provides a better understanding of your language. Why should you learn a foreign language? 1. To begin with, the first advange is that Learning a foreign language open up employment opportunities. * For businesses, It is better achievable if they can understand the psychology and the language of their foreign clients. * Most companies therefore, look for candidates with foreign language skills. * If you are already working, knowing a foreign language may lead to special recognitions or promotions. * As an employer, it will help encourage staff performance, improve customer services, and increase revenue for your company. 2. Apart from the financial gains learning a foreign dialect can offer a unique experience to travellers. * People, who love to explore different parts of the world, know about diverse cultures, places, and lifestyle, knowing the local language can offer a life changing experience. * You can easily find the places, ask for directions, and even order food. * Speaking a language gives you a better understanding of the country’s culture. You can interact with people more freely providing a greater scope(range) of meeting new people, making new friends, more fun, and enjoyment. 3. Another reason why you should learn a foreign language is that the knowledge of a foreign language improves your mental skills abilities. Learning a foreign language is tough and involves a lot of brain exercise. 4. On the individual level, it improves personality and increases your sense of self worth. The need of language faculties has increased due to the growing interest in students to learn foreign languages. People associated with social services need to work with diverse groups from several countries. Ability to speak in a foreign language enables them to communicate and serve people better. The next important decision is to choose from the number of foreign languages – French, Spanish, German, or Italian- to be learnt. Whether you learn a language for a specific reason or you are out of interest, learning a foreign language will lead to long-term success. It will open up new avenues before you. The more language you know, the better you can express yourself.

Essay about Importance of Punctuality in the Military

Punctuality Punctuality is a very important part of military life for several reasons. one reason is that if someone is late for a patrol or convoy that patrol or convoy might haveto leave without that person. Another reason is because it will make whoever your relieving have to stay at work for longer than they are supposed to, tired and sluggish because of that fact, giving a high chance that whatever work that person does would be sub par and not up to standards because of lack of sleep. Punctuality also shows your chain of command that you are serious about your job and are ready and motivated to do said job to the best of your ability. Being late to a convoy could lead to dire consequences. not to you but to your battle†¦show more content†¦Said soldiers professionalism and work ethic would start to slip due to lack of sleep because you couldnt keep to a schedule that was set by your NCOs. It would be your fault that your battle cant perform his duties to the best of his ability. Your battle buddies credability could also start to slip in the eyes of your chain of command because of lack of motivation or professionalism at work. Being Punctual shows your chain of command that you are dependable. they can count on you to follow orders and be where you are supposed to be at the right place at the right time. Doing this lead to them trusting you with a little more responsibility as time goes on. being late however shows them that you can not be relied on to do anything if you cant even be somewhere on time. being on time is the easiest thing to do in the military andif you cant even do that how is your chain of command supposed to trust you with anything else? Being punctual also shows your chain of command that you have the discipline to be somewhere when you are supposed to. Having the discipline to follow orders shows them as you spend more time in the military that just maybe your ready for that next promotion or to be put in to go to the board so you can become an NCO yourself. On the other hand not being punctual shows them that you have no discipline, which makes them have to limit the things you are allowed to do even when your off duty for the day because if they cant trust you to beShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Punctuality Pfc Chavis Tf Mustang1310 Words   |  6 Pages THE IMPORTANCE OF PUNCTUALITY PFC CHAVIS TF MUSTANG Abstract: This paper’s intention is to [Grab your reader’s attention with a great quote from the document or use this space to emphasize a key point. To place this text box anywhere on the page, just drag it.] identify the beliefs and meaning of punctuality. To point out the reason why it is important, and why it should be shown in the future. This paper will be used as a reminder of why we all need to be punctual. 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